A collection of nineteen independent chapters written by internationally renowned authors, covering a wide range of topics, from the history and milestones to the future, in different renal replacement therapy modalities, such as hemodialysis, online hemodiafiltration, and peritoneal dialysis. This book will appeal to renal fellows, nephrologists, and physicians involved with chronic kidney disease patients on maintenance dialysis, including all those interested in the advances and challenges still facing medicine. It brings timely and updated reviews and addresses trends, challenges, and controversies of dialysis therapies.